In a longitudinal study of 120 British adolescents and their parents in an urban population, 1/3 of the adolescents had been arrested and/or had diagnosis of DSM-IV conduct disorder by age 16 and of those 45% had committed violent acts. Depression during pregnancy significantly predicted violence in adolescence, even after controlling for family environment, the child's later exposure to maternal depression, maternal smoking and substance use, and partent' antisocial behavior. Also mothers iwht a history of conduct problems were at elevated risk for perinatal depression. This article further illustrates the importance of screening and management of depression during pregnancy.
Hay DF, Pawlby S, Waters CS, Perra O, Sharp D. Mothers' antenatal depression and their children's antisocial outcomes, Child Development 2020;81:149-65